What Is MicroRebalancing? Complete Guide for 2026

January 27, 2026

Introduction: Are You Ready for What's Coming?

When Institutions Start Hedging... Pay Attention.

Gold just hit an all-time high above $5,100 per ounce.

Silver, likewise, has even outpaced gold and skyrocketed to unprecedented levels of $115 per ounce.

The S&P 500? Also near all-time highs.

Here's what most retail investors miss: When safe-haven assets surge to record levels while stocks are expensive, institutions aren't celebrating. They're hedging. They're nervous. And retail money can't move gold and silver markets like this—only institutional capital can.

Translation: The smart money is preparing for something.

Meanwhile, you're sitting on a portfolio that's probably up 20%, 30%, maybe 50%+ since 2020. And you're facing the same impossible choice every investor at market peaks faces:

The Buy-and-Hold Dilemma

Sell now?
What if the market runs another 20%? You'll watch from the sidelines, kicking yourself for "leaving money on the table." FOMO will eat you alive.

Hold through?
What if it drops 30-50%? You'll watch years of gains evaporate in months. The 2022 bear market took the Nasdaq down 33% in less than a year. How did that feel?

Do nothing?
Paralysis feels sort of safe... until it doesn't. And then you panic-sell at the bottom (like most people do) or hold through decades of nothing.

Here's what keeps me up at night for buy-and-hold investors: The Dow Jones was basically flat from 1963 to 1982. Nearly 20 years. An entire generation made nothing while inflation destroyed their purchasing power.

What if that happens again? What if we're entering a sideways market that lasts 10, 15, 20 years?

Buy-and-hold dies in sideways markets. So does your retirement plan.

The Truth I Told Every Client

In my 12 years as a FINRA-licensed securities representative (1997-2009), I managed portfolios through three market crises: the 1997 mini-crash, the dot-com bubble, and the 2008 financial crisis.

During the client onboarding process, I looked every single person in the eye and said this:

"I have no idea what the market is going to do tomorrow. Anyone who claims they do is either lying to you or delusional. There is no such thing as a crystal ball."

I'd let that sink in. Then I'd continue:

"But I CAN tell you with 100% absolute certainty that the market will perform one of three ways: it will go up, which it will do MOST of the time. It may go down, which it WILL do SOME of the time, or it will go sideways."

"Now, with that fact realized, all we have to do is have a plan for each scenario—and we will be ahead of 95% of investors."

That's when people got it. Even the ones who wanted every penny into DrKoop.com and eToys during the dot-com bubble (yes, those were real conversations).

The problem wasn't the concept. The problem was execution.

People are easy to convince but difficult to keep committed. When markets crash, emotion overrides logic. When markets soar, greed overrides discipline.

What investors needed—what I needed—was a system that removed emotion entirely.

A mechanical approach that:

Takes profits automatically when markets hit highs (like right now with precious metals like gold topping $5,100+ and stocks near peaks)
Builds cash reserves while everyone else stays fully invested
Buys aggressively when corrections happen (without trying to time the exact bottom)
Keeps working whether markets go up, down, or sideways for 20 years
Requires zero predictions about what happens next

That system is MicroRebalancing.

I Don't Know What Happens Next (And Neither Does Anyone Else)

I'm not going to tell you a crash is coming.

I'm not going to predict that markets will keep rising.

I'm not going to claim I know whether gold at $5,100 means institutions see a crash ahead, or if they're just rotating into safe havens during geopolitical uncertainty, or if this is the start of a commodities supercycle.

I don't know. Nobody does.

Here's what I do know:

I tested a mechanical, rules-based system with private money for 800+ days through extreme volatility:

COVID crash (March 2020): -34% in weeks
Recovery rally (2020-2021): new all-time highs
2022 bear market: Nasdaq down 33%

No predictions. No market timing. Just rules-based execution.

The results:

QQQ (Nasdaq 100 ETF):

Buy-and-hold: +$4,738 (+47%)
MicroRebalancing: +$26,127 (+261%)
Difference: +$21,389 (145% better)

SPY (S&P 500 ETF):

Buy-and-hold: +$7,703 (+38%)
MicroRebalancing: +$22,233 (+111%)
Difference: +$14,530 (52% better)

Not backtested theory. Not simulated trades. Real money, real executions, real brokerage statements.

The Three Scenarios (And How MicroRebalancing Handles Each)

Remember: Markets go up, down, or sideways. Here's what happens in each:

Scenario 1: Markets Keep Rising (The "I Sold Too Early" Fear)

Buy-and-Hold:
Rides the full gain. Feels great... until it doesn't.

MicroRebalancing:
Takes partial profits as prices rise above strike zones. Banks those elusive, unrealized profits, before they disappear. Retains core position build cash for later.

Result: You capture 60-70% of the upside while banking cash for the eventual correction. When it comes (and it always does), you have ammunition.

Example from my QQQ test:

Sold portions at $380, $400, $420 as it rallied
When it crashed to $280 in 2022, I bought aggressively
Ended with 413 shares vs buy-and-hold's 47 shares
Locked in profits AND increased position sizeQQQ RESULTS

Scenario 2: Markets Crash (The "I Lost Everything" Fear)

Buy-and-Hold:
Rides the full drawdown. Watches gains evaporate. Panic-sells at the bottom (most people). Or holds through pain and "hopes" for recovery.

MicroRebalancing:
Uses cash reserves built during the rally to buy the dip systematically. Strike zones tell you exactly when to buy (5% down, 10% down, 20% down). No guessing if "this is the bottom."

Result: You average down into quality positions at better prices. When recovery happens, you're positioned for explosive gains.

Example from Ford (2021-2022):

Bought at $14.43
Sold portions as it rallied to $25+
Bought back as it crashed to $13.49
June 2022: Buy-and-hold = -$282 (negative) | MicroRebalancing = +$226 (still profitable)

FORD RESULTS

Scenario 3: Markets Go Sideways (The 1963-1982 Nightmare)

Buy-and-Hold:
Makes nothing for years or decades. Inflation destroys purchasing power. Investors give up and quit.

MicroRebalancing:
Thrives on volatility within the range. Every swing up = sell and take profit. Every swing down = buy at discount. Compounds gains even when overall market goes nowhere.

Result: You make money while buy-and-hold stagnates.

This is the scenario nobody talks about—and the one that scares me most for today's investors.

Why This Matters Right Now

I'm not predicting a crash.

But I am observing that:

Gold and silver are at all-time highs (institutional hedging)
Stocks are expensive by most historical measures
Geopolitical risks are elevated
Recession fears haven't disappeared—just delayed
The last two major tops (2000, 2007) both preceded multi-year bear markets

Maybe this time is different. Maybe we rally another 30%.

Or maybe we're entering 1963-1982 Part II—a lost decade of sideways churn.

Or maybe we crash 40% in the next 18 months.

I don't know. And anyone who claims they do is lying or delusional.

But here's what I know with 100% certainty:

If you have a plan for all three scenarios—up, down, sideways—you win regardless of what happens.

That's MicroRebalancing.

No predictions required. No crystal ball needed. Just mechanical execution based on price movements you can observe in real-time.

What You'll Learn in This Guide

This is the complete guide to MicroRebalancing. By the end, you'll understand:

✅ What MicroRebalancing is (and what it's not)
✅ The five core principles that make it work
✅ How to set Target Allocations and strike zones
✅ Real trade examples (step-by-step)
✅ Why it works NOW but didn't 10 years ago
✅ How it compares to buy-and-hold, day trading, and financial advisors
✅ Who should use it (and who shouldn't)
✅ How to get started (three levels: beginner to advanced)

Whether you're nervous about current markets or confident they'll keep rising, this system works for both.

Let me show you how.

What Is MicroRebalancing?

MicroRebalancing (MR) is a rules-based portfolio management system that combines five core principles to turn market volatility into profit opportunities:

Rebalancing - maintaining target allocations
Dollar-Cost Averaging - buying when prices drop (price-triggered, not calendar-based)
Profit-Taking - selling when prices rise above targets
Averaging Down - adding to positions at better prices
Mechanical Consistency - removing emotion and following predetermined rules

Unlike traditional rebalancing (which happens quarterly or annually), MicroRebalancing responds to price movements in real-time using strike zones - predetermined percentage thresholds that trigger buy or sell actions.

The Key Difference

Traditional Portfolio Rebalancing:

Check portfolio quarterly
If allocation drifted 5-10%, rebalance everything at once
Large transactions, potential tax events
Ignores daily volatility

MicroRebalancing:

Monitor positions daily (or use alerts)
When price crosses strike zone threshold, execute small trade
Continuous small adjustments
Captures profits on the way up, buys dips on the way down
Made possible by fractional shares + zero commissions

How MicroRebalancing Works: The Mechanics

Target Allocation (TA)

Every position in your portfolio gets a Target Allocation - a fixed dollar amount you want to maintain in that position.

Example:

SPY Target Allocation: $10,000
QQQ Target Allocation: $8,000
AAPL Target Allocation: $5,000

Your TA stays constant. The number of shares fluctuates based on price movement.

Strike Zones

Strike zones are percentage thresholds above and below your Target Allocation that trigger trades.

Common strike zone setup:

Buy zone: 3-5% below TA
Sell zone: 3-5% above TA

Example with SPY (TA = $10,000):

If position value drops to $9,500 (5% below TA) → Buy shares to bring back to $10,000
If position value rises to $10,500 (5% above TA) → Sell shares to bring back to $10,000

Real Trade Example

Let's say you own QQQ with a $10,000 Target Allocation:

Starting Position:

Price: $500/share
Shares owned: 20
Position value: $10,000 ✓ (at target)

Scenario 1: Price Drops to $475 (5% drop)

Shares owned: 20
Position value: $9,500 ❌ (5% below target)
Action: Buy 1.05 shares at $475 = $500 investment
New position: 21.05 shares × $475 = $10,000 ✓

Scenario 2: Price Rises to $525 (5% gain from $500)

Shares owned: 21.05
Position value: $11,051 ❌ (10.5% above target)
Action: Sell 2 shares at $525 = $1,050 profit captured
New position: 19.05 shares × $525 = $10,001 ✓

What Just Happened?

You bought at $475 and sold at $525 - a $50/share profit - without predicting anything. The system told you exactly when to act.

The Five Core Principles (Deep Dive)

1. Rebalancing: Maintaining Target Allocation

Traditional investors set percentage allocations (e.g., "60% stocks, 40% bonds") and rebalance when things drift.

MicroRebalancing uses dollar-based targets instead. This makes math simpler and execution clearer.

Why dollar amounts work better:

Clear buy/sell signals (no percentage calculations needed)
Works regardless of portfolio size ($1,000 or $1,000,000)
Easy to adjust individual positions without affecting others

2. Dollar-Cost Averaging (Price-Triggered)

Traditional DCA: Invest $500 every month regardless of price.

MicroRebalancing DCA: Invest when price drops below your strike zone.

Why this is better:

You're buying dips, not random calendar dates
If price keeps rising, you don't force buys at peaks
If price crashes, you add more aggressively (when it's actually on sale)

3. Profit-Taking: Selling Strength

Most investors struggle with this. "Should I sell?" becomes an emotional nightmare.

MicroRebalancing removes the emotion: If position exceeds strike zone, sell enough to return to target.

Benefits:

Lock in gains automatically
Prevent "round-trip" losses (watching profits evaporate)
Fund future buys without adding new cash
Create tax-loss harvesting opportunities

4. Averaging Down: The Controversial One

Wall Street says: "Don't average down - you're throwing good money after bad."

The truth: Averaging down works if you're buying quality assets that will recover.

MicroRebalancing approach:

Only rebalance positions you'd still buy today
Use strike zones (don't average down constantly - only at thresholds)
Maintain cash reserves (never go all-in)

Real example from Ford (Sept 2021 - June 2022):

Bought at $14.43
Price ran to $25+ (sold portions, took profits)
Price crashed to $13.49 (bought back, averaged down)
April 2022: Buy-and-hold = +$183 (4.23%) | MR = +$619 (338% better)
June 2022: Buy-and-hold = -$282 (negative) | MR = +$226 (still profitable)

5. Mechanical Consistency: Removing Emotion

This is what separates MicroRebalancing from everything else.

No decisions required:

Price crosses strike zone = you know what to do
No guessing if "this is the bottom"
No panic selling during crashes
No FOMO buying during rallies

The system tells you exactly:

When to trade (price threshold crossed)
How much to trade (amount needed to return to TA)
Which direction (buy below target, sell above target)

Real Money Results: The Proof

I didn't invent MicroRebalancing based on theory. I tested it with real money through real volatility.

QQQ Test: September 2020 - July 2022 (800+ Days)

Buy-and-Hold Results:

Starting investment: $10,000
Ending value: $14,738
Gain: +$4,738 (+47%)
Shares retained: 47

MicroRebalancing Results:

Starting investment: $10,000
Ending value: $36,127
Gain: +$26,127 (+261%)
Shares retained: 413

Difference: +$21,389 (145% better) + retained 9× more shares

SPY Test: Same Period (800+ Days)

Buy-and-Hold Results:

Starting investment: $20,000
Ending value: $27,703
Gain: +$7,703 (+38%)

MicroRebalancing Results:

Starting investment: $20,000
Ending value: $42,233
Gain: +$22,233 (+111%)

Difference: +$14,530 (52% better)

What Made This Possible?

Market conditions during test period:

COVID crash (March 2020)
Recovery rally (2020-2021)
All-time highs (late 2021)
Bear market (2022)
High volatility throughout

MicroRebalancing thrives in volatility. Buy-and-hold just survives it.

Why MicroRebalancing Works Now (But Didn't Before)

Three technological changes made MicroRebalancing possible for individual investors:

1. Fractional Shares (2019-2020)

Before: You needed $500+ to buy 1 share of SPY. Rebalancing required large capital.

Now: Buy 0.1 shares for $50. Rebalance with any amount.

Impact: Makes small, frequent adjustments practical.

2. Zero Commission Trading (2019)

Before: Every trade cost $7-10. Frequent rebalancing = death by fees.

Now: Trade for free at Robinhood, Fidelity, Schwab, etc.

Impact: Removes friction from mechanical execution.

3. Real-Time Portfolio Tracking (Apps)

Before: Call broker or wait for monthly statements to know positions.

Now: See exact position values 24/7 on your phone.

Impact: Know immediately when strike zones are crossed.

These three changes arrived between 2019-2020. MicroRebalancing became viable for everyone.

Who Should Use MicroRebalancing?

Ideal Candidates:

✅ Disciplined DIY investors who want control without emotional chaos
✅ Recovering active traders who want engagement with structure
✅ Young investors (18-30) who have time to learn and compound
✅ Portfolios $1,000-$1,000,000 (system scales to any size)
✅ People frustrated with buy-and-hold during bear markets
✅ Anyone paying 1% AUM fees and wanting to learn themselves

NOT Ideal For:

❌ Complete beginners without basic investing knowledge (start with "Investing Made Easy: Introduction to Institutional Style Management" first)
❌ Pure risk-avoiders who can't handle any volatility
❌ People without discipline to follow rules mechanically
❌ Those expecting get-rich-quick results

MicroRebalancing vs. Alternatives

vs. Buy-and-Hold

Buy-and-Hold	MicroRebalancing
Set and forget	Active monitoring
Ride full drawdowns	Reduce position in rallies
Hope for recovery	Systematically buy dips
No profit-taking	Lock in gains above target
Emotional torture in crashes	Mechanical execution reduces fear
Works long-term (if you survive psychologically)	Works short and long-term

Bottom line: MicroRebalancing includes buy-and-hold (you're holding positions) but adds systematic risk management.

vs. Day Trading / Active Trading

Day Trading	MicroRebalancing
Predict price movements	React to price movements
High frequency (dozens of trades/day)	Low frequency (few trades/week)
High stress, constant monitoring	Low stress, check daily or use alerts
90% lose money	Proven with real results
Emotional decisions	Mechanical rules

Bottom line: MicroRebalancing gives you engagement without gambling.

vs. Financial Advisors

1% AUM Advisor	MicroRebalancing
$2,000/year on $200k portfolio	$37 one-time for complete system
Someone else manages your money	You learn to manage yourself
Limited transparency	Complete transparency (you see every trade)
Ongoing expense forever	One-time learning investment

Bottom line: Replace annual fees with a skill you own forever.

Getting Started: The Three Levels

Level 1: Index Rebalancing (Safest)

Start with just ETFs - no individual stocks.

Recommended positions:

SPY (S&P 500)
QQQ (Nasdaq 100)
VOO (S&P 500 alternative)

Why start here:

Lowest risk (diversified indexes)
Learn mechanics safely
Build confidence before individual stocks

Resource: Index Rebalancing: The Smarter Way to Invest in ETFs ($5 sale price)

Level 2: MicroRebalancing Standard (Full System)

Add individual stocks within institutional framework.

What you learn:

Complete strike zone system
Cash reserve management
30-year backtests
Position sizing
Advanced techniques (dynamic TA, technical indicators)

Resource: MicroRebalancing: The Art of the Micro-Rebalance - Standard Edition ($15)

Level 3: VIP Toolkit (Complete Arsenal)

Everything above PLUS professional tools.

Includes:

All 3 books ($35 value)
Rebalancing spreadsheets (plug-and-play)
Video training (28 minutes)
Cash reserve calculator
Bot script samples
Options overlay simulation
Lifetime updates

Resource: MicroRebalancing VIP Toolkit ($37 one-time, founding member pricing)

Common Questions

"How much time does this take?"

Daily: 5-10 minutes to check positions
When strike zone hit: 2-3 minutes to execute trade
Weekly: 15-20 minutes to review and plan

Total: ~30-60 minutes per week.

Much less than researching stock picks or watching CNBC. Much more than pure buy-and-hold.

"How much cash do I need to keep?"

Minimum: 10-15% of portfolio value
Recommended: 20-30% for aggressive rebalancing
Conservative: 30-40% if expecting major volatility

Cash fuels rebalances without creating tax events from selling other positions.

"What if the stock never recovers?"

Rule #1: Only rebalance positions you'd buy today.

If you wouldn't buy more at current price, don't rebalance it. Exit the position or let it ride without adding.

This is why starting with broad ETFs (SPY, QQQ) makes sense - the S&P 500 has always recovered historically.

"Can I use this in a retirement account?"

Yes - actually preferred.

Tax-advantaged accounts (IRA, 401k, Roth IRA) are perfect for MicroRebalancing because:

No tax events from frequent trades
Can rebalance freely without capital gains concerns
Profits compound tax-deferred or tax-free

"What brokers support this?"

Any broker with:

Fractional shares ✓
Zero commissions ✓
Mobile app for monitoring ✓

Popular choices: Fidelity, Schwab, Robinhood, TD Ameritrade, E*TRADE, Webull

"Is this market timing?"

No.

Market timing = predicting future direction ("I think market will crash, so I'm selling")

MicroRebalancing = reacting to current prices ("Price crossed my strike zone, so I'm buying/selling per my rules")

You're not predicting. You're executing predetermined rules based on observable data.

The Real Secret: Volatility Is Your Friend

Most investors fear volatility. MicroRebalancing embraces it.

Here's why:

Low volatility period:

Price stays near target
Few trades triggered
Portfolio holds steady
You earn dividends/growth like buy-and-hold

High volatility period:

Price swings above and below target
Many trades triggered
You buy dips, sell spikes, repeat
This is where you outperform

The 2020-2022 test period was perfect: COVID crash, recovery rally, bear market. Extreme volatility.

MicroRebalancing generated 145% better returns than buy-and-hold (QQQ) because of that volatility.

When others panic, your system buys. When others get greedy, your system sells.

Emotion-free execution beats emotional reactions every time.

What You Need to Succeed

1. Foundation Knowledge

Understand:

Asset classes (stocks, bonds, cash)
Risk tolerance (how much volatility you can handle)
Portfolio construction basics
Compound interest

Resource: Investing Made Easy: Introduction to Institutional Style Management ($10, or $5 when bundled)

2. The MicroRebalancing System

Learn:

How to calculate Target Allocation
How to set strike zones
When to trade (and when not to)
Cash management
Position sizing

Resource: Index Rebalancing (beginner) or MicroRebalancing Standard (advanced)

3. Tools

Get:

Spreadsheet to track positions (included in VIP Toolkit)
Brokerage account with fractional shares
Calendar alerts or portfolio monitoring app

Resource: VIP Toolkit has everything

4. Discipline

Commit to:

Following rules mechanically (no overrides based on "feeling")
Checking positions regularly (daily or every few days)
Not abandoning system during losing streaks
Trusting math over emotion

This is the hardest part. The system is simple. Human psychology is not.

My Background: Why You Should Trust This

I'm not a trading guru selling a dream. I'm a former FINRA-licensed securities representative (Series 7, 52, 63, 65) who managed portfolios through three market crises:

October 27, 1997 - My first day as a rep (circuit breakers triggered, mini-crash)
2000-2002 - Dot-com bubble collapse
2008-2009 - Financial crisis

What I learned in 12 years:

Predictions fail, even from experts
Emotions destroy portfolios
Mechanical systems outperform discretionary decisions
Math doesn't lie

Why I created MicroRebalancing:

After leaving the industry in 2009, I wanted a system that:

Worked for individual investors (not just institutions)
Removed emotional decision-making
Turned volatility into opportunity
Required no predictions or market timing
Could be verified with real trades (not backtests or theory)

I tested MicroRebalancing with $20,000 of my own money for 800+ days through one of the most volatile periods in market history.

The results speak for themselves: +$21,389 better than buy-and-hold on QQQ alone.

Next Steps: Choose Your Starting Point

Just Learning? Start Here:

👉 Investing Made Easy: Introduction to ISM ($10)
Learn the foundation - portfolio construction, asset classes, risk tolerance, compound interest. The "vehicle" that makes MicroRebalancing work.

Want to Test Safely? Try This:

👉 Index Rebalancing: The Smarter Way to Invest in ETFs ($5 sale)
Learn MicroRebalancing principles using only safe, diversified ETFs (SPY, QQQ, VOO). Master the mechanics before adding individual stocks.

Ready for the Full System? Get This:

👉 MicroRebalancing: The Art of the Micro-Rebalance - Standard Edition ($15)
Complete 270+ page guide. Real trades, 30-year backtests, advanced techniques, individual stocks within institutional framework.

Want Everything? This Is It:

👉 MicroRebalancing VIP Toolkit ($37 one-time)
All 3 books + spreadsheets + video training + cash calculator + bot scripts + options simulation + lifetime updates. Everything I use, nothing held back.

Final Thoughts: The Third Path

You don't have to choose between:

Passive buy-and-hold (boring, emotionally brutal in crashes)
Active trading (exhausting, 90% lose money)

There's a third path: Mechanical systematic investing.

MicroRebalancing gives you:

Engagement (you're involved, making decisions)
Structure (clear rules prevent emotional mistakes)
Proof (real money results, not theory)
Accessibility ($1,000 to $1,000,000 portfolios work)

Most importantly: You learn a skill you own forever.

No 1% annual fees. No relying on someone else. No wondering "what is my advisor actually doing?"

You become the advisor.

And if you're young (18-30), you have the ultimate advantage: time. Starting now vs. waiting 10 years could mean a $1-2 million difference by retirement.

The best time to start was 10 years ago. The second best time is today.

Ready to learn the system?

👉 Start with Index Rebalancing ($5)
👉 Get the VIP Toolkit ($37)

About the Author

Robert Duckworth is a financial educator and former FINRA-licensed securities representative (1997-2009). He held Series 7, 52, 63, and 65 licenses and managed portfolios through the 1997 mini-crash, dot-com bubble, and 2008 financial crisis.

After leaving the industry, Robert developed MicroRebalancing and tested it with real money for 800+ days, generating returns 145% better than buy-and-hold during the volatile 2020-2022 period.

His books - "The Art of the Micro-Rebalance" and "Investing Made Easy: Introduction to Institutional Style Management" - have helped hundreds of investors learn systematic, rules-based portfolio management.

Mission: Help investors—especially those ignored by advisors or burned by trading gurus—learn a proven system for managing risk and building wealth. No predictions. No emotional chaos. Just mechanical execution that turns volatility into opportunity.

Questions? Want to discuss MicroRebalancing?
👉 Contact us here

Want weekly trade updates and community support?
👉 Join the MicroRebalancing community (coming in the future on Whop platform)

IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER:

I am a financial educator and author, not a financial advisor. Nothing in this article constitutes financial advice, investment recommendations, or solicitation to buy or sell securities.

I am a former FINRA-licensed securities representative (1997-2009) but am no longer licensed or registered. All content is for educational purposes only.

MicroRebalancing results shown are from real trades executed with private money, but past performance does not guarantee future results. Your results may vary based on timing, execution, market conditions, and individual circumstances.

Always consult with a qualified financial advisor before making investment decisions. Only invest money you can afford to lose, and ensure any strategy aligns with your risk tolerance, financial situation, and investment goals.

Securities investing involves risk of loss. Please read all books and materials thoroughly before implementing any strategy.

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